刘炳善英国文学简史第3版考点归纳复习笔记

刘炳善《英国文学简史》（第3版）教材讲义考点归纳

第2章 英国文艺复兴【复习笔记】

Ⅰ. Background Knowledge—Old England in Transition（背景知识——过渡中的英国）

1．Political & Religious Movements（政治和宗教运动）

(1) The New Monarchy（新君主政权）

After England having experienced the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) and the War of the Roses (1455-1485), the Tudor Dynasty was established by the end of the War of the Roses. It was a centralized monarchy of a totally new type.

英国在经历了百年大战（1337-1453）和玫瑰战争（1455-1485）之后，一个高度中央集权的都铎王朝顺势而生。

(2) The Reformation（宗教改革）

①The Reformation in England is not only a religious movement, but also a political struggle between the monarch and the bishop.

②It was started by Henry Ⅷ(1509-1547) to get rid of the international regime of the Roman Catholic Church and to establish an absolute monarchy.

③He declared the break with Rome, and suppressed the monasteries and confiscated the property of the Church, thus enriching the new bourgeois nobility. Then the new religious dogma known as Protestantism had been developed.

①英国宗教改革不只是一场宗教运动，更是一场君主和教士之间的较量。

②它是由亨利八世（1509-1547）发起的，旨在摆脱罗马天主教的高于国王的权威并建立绝对权力的君主政体。

③他宣布与罗马天主教破裂，并且镇压僧侣，将教堂的财产充公，因此新兴资产阶级获得发展。与此同时，新教得以发展。

2．Economic Movements（经济运动）

The political and religious turmoils of the age were but the reflection of the changes in the national economy of England which developed at a slow but steady pace.

这个时期的政治和宗教动乱只是对国民经济变动的反映。英国经济发展缓慢但在稳步前进。

(1) The Enclosure Movement（圈地运动）

①From the 15th century on, England developed from being a mere producer of wool to being a manufacturer of cloth.

②The Enclosure Movement stimulated the development of the clothing industry on a capitalist line; also it produced the helpless, dispossessed peasants who became hired labourers for merchants. These labourers were the fathers of modern English proleterians.

①从15世纪开始，英国从单纯的羊毛制造商发展成为布料制造者。

②圈地运动刺激了布料工业资本主义化，同时也产生了一批无助无财产的农民，他们最后变成了商人的劳工。他们就是现代英国无产阶级之父。

(2) The Commercial Expansion（贸易扩张）

The progress in industry at home stimulated the commercial expansion abroad. Queen Elizabeth encouraged exploration and travel. Numerous English ships visited America and other distant countries and established the first English colonies.

国内工业的发展刺激了海外贸易扩张。伊丽莎白女王鼓励海外探索。无数英国商船到达了美国及其他国家，同时也建立了第一批英国殖民地。

3．The War with Spain（与西班牙海战）

In 1588, a war between Spain and England broke out. It ended with the defeat of Spain, which declared the triumph of the rising young bourgeoisie over the declining old feudalism.

1588年，英国与西班牙之间爆发海战，结果西班牙大败，这宣告了年轻的资本主义国家战胜了腐朽的封建主义国家。

4．William Caxton & Printing（威廉·卡克斯顿和印刷术）

The Renaissance was slow in reaching England. The introduction of printing to England by William Caxton (1476) brought classical works within reach of the common people. It had a great significance in fixing a national language in England and to the development of English culture as a whole.

文艺复兴很晚才传到英国。威廉·卡克斯顿将印刷术引进到英国，这使普通平民也可以读古典作品。这对于形成一种国家语言和国家文化的发展具有重要意义。

5．The Renaissance and Humanism（文艺复兴）

The English society was in its transition from the feudalism to capitalism. The rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is the Renaissance which sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.

英国社会处于由封建社会向资本主义社会转型的时期。资本主义的兴起也影响到了文化生活。结果便是始于14世纪的意大利，逐渐传遍欧洲的文艺复兴运动。

(1) Two striking features of Renaissance（文艺复兴的两个重要特征）

①People had a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.

②The keen interest in the activities of humanity was arisen. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God. Humanism is the key note of the Renaissance.

①对古典文学的渴望和好奇。

②对人文活动的热情和兴趣。人们不再把自己视为只是为了上帝而活着。人文主义成为了文艺复兴运动的主旋律。

(2) The Beginning of the English Renaissance（英国文艺复兴的开始）

In the days of Henry Ⅷ(1509-1547), a group of scholars called Oxford Reformers introduced the classical literature to England and strove to reform education on a humanistic line. These English humanists were all churchmen. The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia.

亨利八世（1509-1547）统治时期，被称为牛津改革家的学者将古典文学介绍到英国并且努力将教育改革得更为人性化。这些英国人文主义者全部为教士。其中最伟大的便是托马斯·莫尔，著有《乌托邦》。

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刘炳善《英国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解

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Ⅱ. Literary Features of the Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期的文学特征）

From the first half of the 16th century, the English Renaissance began to develop into a flowering of literature and then England became “a nest of singing birds”.

①Translation occupied an important place in the English Renaissance. To supply the growing demand of the public, classical and Italian and French works were turned into English.

②Books describing discoveries and adventures prevailed. Representative of this genre is John Lily’s Euphues.

③The vigour of the age found better expression in the sphere of poetry. The sonnet was introduced to England from Italy, and blank verse was also first used in England. The most excellent poet of this period was Spenser, with his masterpiece The Faerie Queene.

④The highest glory of the English Renaissance was unquestionably its drama. And this period produced three brilliant playwrights: Shakespeare, Marlowe and Ben Jonson.

从16世纪上半叶开始，英国文艺复兴开始进入繁荣期，英国成为了“百花齐放”之地。

①翻译在英国文艺复兴中占据重要位置。为了满足公众不断增长的需求，大量古典、意大利和法国作品被翻译成英语。

②描写发现和冒险的文学作品也在文艺复兴时期盛行。典型代表是约翰·黎里的《尤浮绮斯》。

③这个时代更为重要的文学体裁是诗歌。十四行诗从意大利引入英国，无韵体也首次在英国使用。最突出的诗人是斯宾塞，著有《仙后》。

④文艺复兴时期最高成就是戏剧。这个时代创造了三位杰出的戏剧家：莎士比亚，马洛和本·琼森。

Ⅲ.Literary Terms（文学术语）

1．The Miracle Play（奇迹剧）

English drama had roots reaching back to the miracle plays of the Middle Ages. Miracle plays are also called mystery plays. The “miracles” were simple plays based on Bible stories.

英国戏剧可以追溯到中世纪的奇迹剧。奇迹剧又被叫做神秘剧。奇迹剧中的奇迹以圣经故事为基础。

2．The Morality Play（道德剧）

A kind of medieval and early Renaissance drama presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, such as Mercy, Peace, Hate, Folly. One of the most popular morality plays was Ben Jonson’s Everyman.

道德剧是一种中世纪和早期文艺复兴戏剧，它通过使用寓言式的人物来表现善与恶的冲突。抽象的恶行和美德通常被拟人为作品中的形象，如“宽恕”，“和平”，“厌恶”，“愚蠢”。道德剧的典型代表之一是本·琼森的《个性互异》。

3．The Interlude（幕间幽默短剧）

The interludes existed at about the same time as the moralities. The interlude is a short performance slipped into a play to enliven the audience after a solemn scene. From the point of view of the historical development of drama in England, interludes are important in that they broke away from the dull and allegorical church drama of the Middle Ages and heralded in the native English secular drama of the later decade of the 16th century.

幕间幽默短剧几乎和道德剧同时存在。它是插入一部戏剧的小短剧，目的是在肃穆的剧情之后来活跃群众的情绪。从英国戏剧发展史的角度来看，幕间幽默短剧因为告别了中世纪沉闷的寓言式的教堂戏剧，并预示了十六世纪晚期英国世俗戏剧的到来而具有重要意义。

4．The London Theatre（伦敦剧院）

(1) The London Theatre（伦敦剧院）

In the 16th century, London became the centre of English drama. By 1567, regular playhouses were built in the outskirts of London. The Elizabethan theatres were wooden buildings. The stage was without scenery, footlight or a front curtain. There were no actresses. Women’s parts were always taken by boys.

16世纪时，伦敦成为英国戏剧中心。到1567年，伦敦郊区建成了正规表演场所。伊丽莎白时期的剧院是木质结构。舞台没有布景、脚灯或者幕帘。当时没有女演员，男孩子扮演女子的角色。

(2) The Audience（剧院观众）

Both the gentlemen and the common people went to the theatres. The spectators in the pit, the “groundings”, paid a penny and stood throughout the performance. The galleries had benches and boxes for which higher prices were charged. In the early days the audience was masculine. But soon the citizens’ wives took to attending the plays too.

绅士和普通百姓都去剧院看戏。站在地面上围绕表演场的观众，也被称为“地面上的站客”，他们要花上一便士，站着看完表演。而位于走廊上的长凳或者包厢的价格相对较高。早期的观众是男士，不久妇女也开始喜欢看戏。

(3) The Playwrights（剧作家）

There was a group of so-called “university wits” including Lily, Marlowe Greene and so on, who wrote for the stage. They were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood through writing. They entered the dramatic circle between the years 1587 and 1593. The price of the plays was very low. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen, and often suspected by the government. But they furnished the Elizabethan stage with a large part of its repertoire.

一群“大学才子”包括黎里，马洛和葛林等人，他们为剧院写剧本。他们出身卑微，以写作为生，在1587到1593年间进入戏剧界。剧本价格非常低，且受到绅士的歧视，还经常遭受政府怀疑。但也正是这些人为伊丽莎白时期的戏剧提供了大部分的剧作。

5．The Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞体）

A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter which is called an alexandrine. The Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. It was also used by Robert Bums, John Keats, and Percy Bysshe Shelley.

九行构成一个诗节，韵脚是ababbcbcc。前八行用抑扬格五音步写成。第九行用抑扬格六音步（也叫做亚历山大体）。斯宾塞体由埃德蒙·斯宾塞在其作品《仙后》中首次使用。后世诗人如罗伯特·彭斯，约翰·济慈和珀西·比希·雪莱都使用过此诗体。

Ⅳ. Major Writers and Works（主要作家作品）

……

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