胡壮麟语言学教程第5版复习笔记电子书

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第5版考点讲义知识点归纳

第2章 语音【复习笔记】
本章要点:
1. Speech Organs 发音器官
2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels
辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则
3. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions
协同发音和语音转写
4. Phonemes and Allophones
音位和音位变体
5. Phonological Processes, Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features
音系过程、音系规则和区别特征
6. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation
音节结构、重音和语调
常考考点：
1. 语音学
语音学的定义；音姿的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法。
2. 音系学
音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系和区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布与互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音(词重音、句子重音)；音高和语调。
本章内容索引
I. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology
1. Phonetics
2. Three Major Research Fields of Phonetics
3. Phonology
II. Speech Organs
▼1. Gestures
2. Speech organs
3. Voiceless sounds
4. Voiced sounds
5. IPA
III. Consonants and Vowels
1. Definition
2. Consonants
(1) Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation
(2) Classification of Consonants
3. Vowel
(1) Cardinal vowels
(2) Criteria of vowel description
(3) Monophthongs, Diphthongs and Triphthongs
IV. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions
＊1. Coarticulation
＊2. Phonetic Transcription
V.Phonemes and Allophones
1. Phoneme
2. Allophones
VI.Phonological Processes and Distinctive Features
1. Phonological processes
2. Assimilation
＊3. Distinctive features
VII. Suprasegmentals
1. Suprasegmental features
2. The Syllable Structure
▼3. Sonority Scale
▼4. Stress
(1) Change of the stresses due to suffixes
(2) Stresses in compounds and phrases
5. Intonation and Tone
I. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology (语音学和音系学的定义)
1. Phonetics (语音学)
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。
2. Three Major Research Fields of Phonetics (语音学研究的三大领域)
(1) Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.
(2) Acoustic Phonetics is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.
(3) Perceptual (Auditory) Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
(1) 发音语言学研究语音的发生。
(2) 声学语音学研究语音的物质特征。
(3) 感知语音学(或听觉语音学)研究语音的感知。
3. Phonology (音系学)
Phonology is the study of sound systems of languages, in another word, it studies the way in which speakers of a certain language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meanings.
音系学研究的是语言的语音系统。换句话说，音系学研究的是说话人为表达意义而系统地选择语音的方法。

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胡壮麟《语言学教程》第5版复习笔记

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II. Speech Organs (发音器官)
▼1. Gestures
Most speech sounds are made by movements of the tongue and the lips, and these movements are called gestures, as compared to gestures made by hands. The gestures of the tongue and lips are made audible so that they can be heard and recognized.
大多数的语音都是通过舌头和嘴唇的动作发出的，而这些动作被称为音姿。与手势相比较，舌头和嘴唇的动作都是可以听到的，这样它们就能被识别。
2. Speech organs (发音器官)
【考点：根据图指出发音器官名称】
Also known as Vocal Organs, are those parts of human body involved in the production of speech, including lungs, the trachea (or windpipe), the throat, the nose, and the mouth.
是人体参与语音发生的那部分，包括肺、气管、喉、鼻和口。
3. Voiceless sounds (清音)
The sounds produced without causing vibration of the vocal cords.
在发音过程中，发音时声带不振动，这样所发出的音叫做清音。
4. Voiced sounds (浊音)
The sounds produced with causing vibration of the vocal cords.
在发音过程中，发音时声带振动，这样所发出的音叫做浊音。
5. IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) (国际音标)
(1) IPA is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.
(2) Its basic principle is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sounds.
(3) With minor modification it is now still used by phoneticians and linguists.
(1) 国际音标是一个标准的、被国际上广泛接受的语音描述系统。
(2) 它的基本原则是用不同的字母符号来表示不同的发音。
(3) 经过几次修正，目前国际音标仍然被语音学家和语言学家广泛使用。

III. Consonants and Vowels辅音和元音
1. Definition定义
(1) Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
(2) Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
(1) 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此产生的音叫做辅音。
(2) 发音时，声道不受任何压缩或阻碍，因此不会有气流的紊乱或停滞，由此产生的音叫做元音。
2. Consonants (辅音)
(1) Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation (发音方式和发音部位)
①Manner of Articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.
②Place of Articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air.
①发音方式指发音器官之间的关系，以及气流经过声道的某些部位时的方式。
②发音部位指声道的哪些部位发生气流摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍。
(2) Classification of Consonants (辅音的分类)
【考点：描述给定辅音&根据描述指出辅音名称】
①In terms of manners of articulation, consonants can be grouped into stops, nasals, fricatives, approximants, laterals and affricates.
stops: [p, b, t, ,d, k, g]
nasals: [m, n, ŋ]
fricatives: [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h]
approximants: [w, ɹ, j]
lateral: [l]
affricates: [ts, dz, tr, dr]
按发音方式分类，辅音可分为爆破音、鼻音、擦音、近音、边音、颤音、触音和闪音以及塞擦音。
爆破音: [p, b, t, ,d, k, g]
鼻音: [m, n, ŋ]
擦音: [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h]
近音: [w, ɹ, j]
边音: [l]
颤音: [ts, dz, tr, dr]
②In terms of place of articulation, the consonants can be grouped into bilabials, labiodentals, dentals, alveolars, postalveolars, retroflex, palatals, velars, uvulars, pharyngeals, and glottal.
bilabials: [p, b, m]
labiodentals :[f, v]
dentals: [θ, ð]
alveolars: [t, d, n, s, z, ɹ, l ]
postalveolars: [ʃ, ʒ]
palatal: [j]
velars: [k, g, ŋ]
glottal: [h]
按发音部位分类，辅音可分为双唇音、唇齿音、齿音、齿龈音、齿龈后音、卷舌音、硬腭音、软腭音、小舌音、咽音和声门音。
双唇音: [p, b, m]
唇齿音:[f, v]
齿音: [θ, ð]
齿龈音: [t, d, n, s, z, ɹ, l ]
齿音后音: [ʃ, ʒ]
硬腭音: [j]
软腭音: [k, g, ŋ]
声门音: [h]
……

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