陈新仁英语语言学实用教程第2版教材讲义复习笔记

第2章 英语语音复习笔记

【本章要点】
1. Speech Organs 发音器官
2. Speech sounds英语语音
3. Phones, phonemes and allophones 音素、音位和音位变体
4. Classifying English vowels 英语元音分类
5. Classifying English consonants 英语辅音分类
6. English syllables and possible words 英语音节和合法单词
7. Stress, tone and intonation in English 英语重音、音高和语调
8. Rhythm in English 英语韵律
【本章考点】
发音器官的英文名称；音素、音位和音位变体的区别，英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类，英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音，音节，重音、音高和语调。

Ⅰ. Speech organs（发音器官）
1. breathing organs—lungs, bronchial tubes, and windpipe.
呼吸器官—肺，支气管和气管。
2. larynx—vocal bands/cords, and glottis.
喉—声带和声门。
3. pharynx—oral cavity and nasal cavity.
咽—口腔和鼻腔。
Ⅱ. Speech sounds（英语语音）
1.Classification and difference of English speech sounds（英语语音的分类和不同）
(1) An initial classification will divide the English speech sounds into two broad categories vowels and consonants.
英语中的语音可以初步划分为两大类：元音和辅音。
(2) Difference of English speech sounds
英语语音的区别
a. Functionally, vowels are the basis of syllables (most syllables contain at least one vowel).
在功能上，元音是音节的基础单位（多数音节包含至少一个元音）。
b. Physically, vowels are musical, whereas consonants are mostly noisy.
物理上，元音比较悦耳，辅音比较嘈杂。
c. Articulatorily, in pronouncing vowels, the airstream is not obstructed, and speech organs are tense. In pronouncing consonants, however, the airstream from the lungs through the mouth or the nose is totally or partially obstructed somewhere along the path.
发音上，发元音时，发音器官收紧，气流不受阻；发辅音时，气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞。
2. Phonetics and phonology（语音学和音系学）
(1) The definition of phonetics（语音学的定义）
Phonetics deals mainly with the description, classification and transcription of speech sounds.
语音学主要研究语音的描述、分类及转写。
(2) Three sub-branches（三大分支）
Articulatory phonetics, which studies speech organs and how speech sounds are made (or articulated) by the vocal organs;
发音语言学研究发音器官和如何从发音器官中产生语音；
Acoustic phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds;
声学语音学研究语音的物理特征；
Auditory phonetics, which studies the perception of speech sounds.
听觉语音学研究语音的感知。
(3) The definition of phonology（音系学的定义）
Phonology is concerned with the exploration of the patterns governing sound combinations.
音系学主要探索研究语音排列组合的形式和规律。
Ⅲ. Phones, phonemes and allophones（音素、音位和音位变体）
1. Phones: The smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech is called a phone. Technically, a phone is
(1) a phonetic unit;
(2) not distinctive of meaning;
(3) physical as perceived;
(4) Marked with [].
音素：在一段话语中所能识别的最小语音片段叫做音素。音素是：
(1)一个语音单位；
(2)不区别意义；
(3)可感知；
(4)用[]表示。
2. Phonemes: The phoneme is the minimal unit in the sound system of a language. It is
(1) a phonological unit of description in a language;
(2) contrastive in a language and therefore distinctive of meaning;
(3) abstract, not physical;
(4) Marked with / /.
音位：音位是语言中语音系统的最小单位。音位是：
(1)语言中的音系单位；
(2)相互对立并区别意义；
(3)抽象不具体；
(4)用/ /表示。
3. Minimal pairs（最小对）
In order to discover the phonemes used in the sound system of a language, scholars once designed a method based on the notion of minimal pairs, like “pat” vs. “fat”. Three requirements were proposed for identifying a minimal pair:
为了发现语言语音系统中使用的音素，学者们曾经设计了一种基于最小对概念的方法，比如“pat”和“fat”。提出了识别最小对的三个要求:
(1) the two words are different in meaning;
(2)the two words are different because of just one phoneme;
(3) the phonemes that make the two words different occur in the same phonetic environment.
(1)两个词在意义上不同；
(2)这两个词不同，因为只有一个音素;
(3)使两个词不同的音素出现在相同的语音环境中。
4. Allophones: The different realizations of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments are called allophones.
音位变体：同一个音位在不同语音环境中的实现方式被称为该音位的音位变体。

内容来源

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》第2版笔记讲义

扫码阅读

Ⅳ. Classifying English vowels（英语元音的分类）
The classification of English vowels may be conducted according to various criteria:
元音可以通过许多因素来加以区分：
(1) the height of the tongue (high, mid, low);
舌头抬起的高度——高、中、低；
(2) the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back);
舌头最高部分的高度——前、中、后；
(3) the degree of lip-rounding (rounded, unrounded);
唇的圆展度——圆唇、非圆唇；
(4) the length of articulation (long, short);
元音的发音长度:——长元音、短元音；
(5) the tenseness of the speech organ (tense, lax);
发音器官的紧张度——紧元音、松元音；
(6) The purity of the vowel (pure, gliding).
元音的纯度——纯元音、滑音。

Ⅴ. Classifying English consonants（英语辅音的分类）
English consonants may be classified into sets or classes on the basis of three phonetic criteria or features:
辅音主要通过以下三个标准或特征进行分类：
(1) Manner of articulation (the kind of sound being produced in the mouth or the kind of obstruction which the air undergoes).
发音方式（声音被发出的方式或气流经过声道的某些部位时受阻的方式）。
In terms of manners of articulation, consonants can be grouped into：
按发音方式分类，辅音可分为：
Stops（爆破音）: [p, b, t, ,d, k, g]
Fricatives（擦音）: [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h]
Affricates（塞擦音）: [tʃ, dʒ]
Liquids（流音）: [l, r]
Nasals（鼻音）: [m, n, ŋ]
Glides（滑音）: [w, j]
(2) The point or place of articulation (the important parts of the vocal tract which are used in making the sound). These include the lips, various parts of the tongue, the teeth, and the alveolar ridge.
发音部位（声道中用来发音的重要器官）。包括唇、舌的不同部位、牙齿及齿龈等。
In terms of place of articulation, consonants can be grouped into:
按发音部位分类，辅音可分：
Bilabials（双唇音）: [p, b, m, w]
Labiodentals（唇齿音）: [f, v]
Dentals（齿音）: [θ, ð]
Alveolars（齿龈音）: [t, d, n, s, z, r, l]
Palatal（腭音）: [j, ʃ, ʒ, t∫, d]
Velars（软腭音）: [k, g, ŋ]
Glottal（喉音）: [h]
(3) The presence or absence of voicing.
音的发没发出。
Ⅵ. English syllables（英语音节）
A syllable can be divided into two parts, the rhyme and the onset. As the vowel within the rhyme is the nucleus, the consonant(s) after it will be termed the coda. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. A syllable with a coda is a closed syllable while a syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable.
一个音节可以分成两个部分，韵基和节首。韵基中的元音是核心，它后面的辅音用术语韵尾来表示。所有音节必须有结核，但不是所有的音节都有节首和节尾。有节尾的音节叫做“闭音节”，没有节尾的音节叫做“开音节”。

Ⅶ. Stress, tone and intonation in English（英语重音、音高和语调）
……

 完整版链接： http://dacai.100xuexi.com/Ebook/990670.html

【目录】达聪学习网“陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》第2版复习笔记和课后习题答案”